Certainty of Knowledge

I am reading a book by Mortimer Adler Ph.D. called The Four Dimensions of Philosophy. In this book Dr. Adler discusses certainty of knowledge as it relates to philosophy, the sciences and natural history. He writes about episteme (certain knowledge) versus doxa (doctrine - or knowledge that is subject to doubt) and concludes that philosophy belongs in the doxa camp. Dr. Adler also covers knowledge that is beyond a shadow of a doubt, beyond a reasonable doubt, clear and convincing and by preponderance. There are categories and sub-categories and if all of this is supposed to be an example of "commonsense" philosophy it misses the mark. It seems to me that commonsense would dictate that knowledge is certain at the point when an individual is able to make a decision. You're welcome.
Location: Pasadena, CA, USA

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